Jump to content

Oxford

Edit links
Coordinates: 51°45′7″N 1°15′28″W / 51.75194°N 1.25778°W / 51.75194; -1.25778
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from City of dreaming spires)
This article is about the city in England. For the university, see University of Oxford. For other uses, see Oxford (disambiguation).

Oxford
City and non-metropolitan district
Coat of arms of Oxford
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
City of dreaming spires
Motto(s): 
Latin: Fortis est veritas, lit. 'the truth is strong'
Oxford shown within Oxfordshire
Oxford shown within Oxfordshire
Coordinates: 51°45′7″N 1°15′28″W / 51.75194°N 1.25778°W / 51.75194; -1.25778
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionSouth East
CountyOxfordshire
Founded8th century
City status1542
Administrative HQOxford Town Hall
Government
[1]
 • TypeNon-metropolitan district
 • BodyOxford City Council
 • ExecutiveLeader and cabinet
 • ControlNo overall control
 • LeaderSusan Brown (L)
 • Lord MayorMike Rowley
 • MPs
Area
[2]
 • Total
18 sq mi (46 km2)
 • Rank248th
Population
 (2022)[3]
 • Total
163,257
 • Rank126th
 • Density9,300/sq mi (3,580/km2)
DemonymOxonian
Ethnicity (2021)
[4]
 • Ethnic groups
List
Religion (2021)
[4]
 • Religion
List
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode areas
OX1–4
Dialling codes01865
GSS codeE07000178
Websiteoxford.gov.uk

Oxford (/ˈɒksfərd/ ⓘ)[5][6] is a cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. Founded in the 8th century, it was granted city status in 1542. The city is located at the confluence of the rivers Thames (locally known as the Isis) and Cherwell. It had a population of 163,257 in 2022.[3] It is 56 miles (90 km) north-west of London, 64 miles (103 km) south-east of Birmingham and 61 miles (98 km) north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world;[7] it has buildings in every style of English architecture since late Anglo-Saxon. Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, science, and information technologies.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Oxford
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Oxford.
19th-century view of the High Street in Oxford

The history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the Saxon period. Originally of strategic significance due to its controlling location on the upper reaches of the River Thames at its confluence with the River Cherwell, the town grew in national importance during the early Norman period, and in the late 12th century became home to the fledgling University of Oxford.[8] The city was besieged during The Anarchy in 1142.[9]

During the Middle Ages Oxford had an important Jewish community, of which David of Oxford and his wife Licoricia of Winchester were prominent members.[10]

The university rose to dominate the town. A heavily ecclesiastical town, Oxford was greatly affected by the changes of the English Reformation, emerging as the seat of a bishopric and a full-fledged city. During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I and stood at the heart of national affairs.[11]

The city began to grow industrially during the 19th century, and had an industrial boom in the early 20th century, with major printing and car-manufacturing industries. These declined, along with other British heavy industry, in the 1970s and 1980s, leaving behind a city which had developed far beyond the university town of the past.[12]

Geography

[edit]

Physical

[edit]

Location

[edit]

Oxford's latitude and longitude are 51°45′07″N 1°15′28″W / 51.75194°N 1.25778°W / 51.75194; -1.25778, with Ordnance Survey grid reference SP513061 (at Carfax Tower, which is usually considered the centre). Oxford is 24 miles (39 km) north-west of Reading, 26 miles (42 km) north-east of Swindon, 36 miles (58 km) east of Cheltenham, 43 miles (69 km) east of Gloucester, 29 miles (47 km) south-west of Milton Keynes, 38 miles (61 km) south-east of Evesham, 43 miles (69 km) south of Rugby and 51 miles (82 km) west-north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally, supposedly from the Latinised name Thamesis) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. These rivers and their flood plains constrain the size of the city centre.

Climate

[edit]

Oxford has a maritime temperate climate (Köppen: Cfb). Precipitation is uniformly distributed throughout the year and is provided mostly by weather systems that arrive from the Atlantic. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oxford was −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) on 24 December 1860. The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 38.1 °C (101 °F) on 19 July 2022.[13] The average conditions below are from the Radcliffe Meteorological Station. It has the longest series of temperature and rainfall records for one site in Britain. These records are continuous from January 1815. Irregular observations of rainfall, cloud cover, and temperature exist since 1767.[14]

The driest year on record was 1788, with 336.7 mm (13.26 in) of rainfall. The wettest year was 2012, with 979.5 mm (38.56 in). The wettest month on record was September 1774, with a total fall of 223.9 mm (8.81 in). The warmest month on record is July 1983, with an average of 21.1 °C (70 °F) and the coldest is January 1963, with an average of −3.0 °C (27 °F). The warmest year on record is 2014, with an average of 11.8 °C (53 °F) and the coldest is 1879, with a mean temperature of 7.7 °C (46 °F). The sunniest month on record is May 2020, with 331.7 hours and December 1890 is the least sunny, with 5.0 hours. The greatest one-day rainfall occurred on 10 July 1968, with a total of 87.9 mm (3.46 in). The greatest known snow depth was 61.0 cm (24.0 in) in February 1888.[15]

Climate data for Oxford (RMS),[a] elevation: 200 ft (61 m), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1815–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		27.6
(81.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		34.3
(93.7) 		38.1
(100.6) 		35.1
(95.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		29.1
(84.4) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		38.1
(100.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.3
(52.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		20.7
(69.3) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.5
(72.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		15.0
(59.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		7.5
(45.5) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.9
(55.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.1
(64.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.5
(52.7) 		7.9
(46.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		11.1
(52.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3) 		2.3
(36.1) 		3.6
(38.5) 		5.3
(41.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.1
(55.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		8.0
(46.4) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.6
(36.7) 		7.1
(44.8)
Record low °C (°F) −16.6
(2.1) 		−16.2
(2.8) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		0.4
(32.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−10.1
(13.8) 		−17.8
(0.0) 		−17.8
(0.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 59.6
(2.35) 		46.8
(1.84) 		43.2
(1.70) 		48.7
(1.92) 		56.9
(2.24) 		49.7
(1.96) 		52.5
(2.07) 		61.7
(2.43) 		51.9
(2.04) 		73.2
(2.88) 		71.5
(2.81) 		66.1
(2.60) 		681.6
(26.83)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.1 9.4 9.1 8.9 9.6 8.0 8.3 9.0 8.6 10.9 11.3 12.2 117.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 63.4 81.9 118.2 165.6 200.3 197.1 212.0 193.3 145.3 110.2 70.8 57.6 1,615.5
Source 1: Met Office[16]
Source 2: University of Oxford[17]
  1. ^ Weather station is located 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from the Oxford city centre.
Map of Oxford

Districts

[edit]

The city centre

[edit]

The city centre is relatively small and is centred on Carfax, a crossroads which forms the junction of Cornmarket Street (pedestrianised), Queen Street (mainly pedestrianised), St Aldate's and the High Street ("the High"; blocked for through traffic). Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford's chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which was Boswell's, founded in 1738.[18] The store closed in 2020.[19] St Aldate's has few shops but several local government buildings, including the town hall, the city police station and local council offices. The High (the word street is traditionally omitted) is the longest of the four streets and has a number of independent and high-end chain stores, but mostly university and college buildings. The historic buildings mean the area is often used by film and TV crews.

Suburbs

[edit]

Aside from the city centre, there are several suburbs and neighbourhoods within the borders of the city of Oxford, including:

Green belt

[edit]
Main article: Oxford Green Belt
Oxford Malmaison Hotel

Oxford is at the centre of the Oxford Green Belt, which is an environmental and planning policy that regulates the rural space in Oxfordshire surrounding the city, aiming to prevent urban sprawl and minimize convergence with nearby settlements.[20] The policy has been blamed for the large rise in house prices in Oxford, making it the least affordable city in the United Kingdom outside of London, with estate agents calling for brownfield land inside the green belt to be released for new housing.[21][22][23] The vast majority of the area covered is outside of the city, but there are some green spaces within that which are covered by the designation, such as much of the Thames and river Cherwell flood-meadows, and the village of Binsey, along with several smaller portions on the fringes. Other landscape features and places of interest covered include Cutteslowe Park and the mini railway attraction, the University Parks, Hogacre Common Eco Park, numerous sports grounds, Aston's Eyot, St Margaret's Church and well, and Wolvercote Common and community orchard.[24]

Governance

[edit]
Main article: Oxford City Council
Town Hall, St Aldate's

There are two tiers of local government covering Oxford, at district and county level: Oxford City Council and Oxfordshire County Council. From 1889 to 1974 the city of Oxford was a county borough, independent from the county council.[25] Oxford City Council meets at the Town Hall on the street called St Aldate's in the city centre. The current building was completed in 1897, on a site which had been occupied by Oxford's guildhall since the 13th century.[26]

Most of Oxford is an unparished area, but there are four civil parishes within the city's boundaries: Blackbird Leys, Littlemore, Old Marston, and Risinghurst and Sandhills.[27]

Economy

[edit]

Oxford's economy includes manufacturing, publishing and science-based industries as well as education, sports, entertainment, breweries, research and tourism.

Car production

[edit]

Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since Morris Motors was established in the city in 1910. The principal production site for Mini cars, owned by BMW since 2000, is in the Oxford suburb of Cowley. The plant, which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982.

Publishing

[edit]

Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house. The city is also home to the UK operations of Wiley-Blackwell, Elsevier[28] and several smaller publishing houses.

Science and technology

[edit]

The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses, including Oxford Instruments, Research Machines and Sophos. The university established Isis Innovation in 1987 to promote technology transfer. The Oxford Science Park was established in 1990, and the Begbroke Science Park, owned by the university, lies north of the city. Oxford increasingly has a reputation for being a centre of digital innovation, as epitomized by Digital Oxford.[29] Several startups including Passle,[30] Brainomix,[31] Labstep,[32] and more, are based in Oxford.

Education

[edit]
The Divinity School at the Bodleian Library
Wellington Square, the name of which has become synonymous with the university's central administration

The presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry. Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of Oxford University students and graduates, and, especially for EFL education, use their Oxford location as a selling point.[33]

Tourism

[edit]
The University Church of St Mary the Virgin
Carfax Tower at Carfax, the junction of the High Street, Queen Street, Cornmarket and St Aldate's streets at what is considered by many to be the centre of the city

Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to Carfax Tower and the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic Covered Market. In the summer, punting on the Thames/Isis and the Cherwell is a common practice. As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009)[needs update],[34] Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink.

Retail

[edit]
Night view of High Street with Christmas lights – one of Oxford's main streets

There are two small shopping malls in the city centre: the Clarendon Centre[35] and the Westgate Oxford.[36] The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall, and is at the west end of Queen Street. A major redevelopment and expansion to 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2), with a new 230,000 sq ft (21,000 m2) John Lewis department store and a number of new homes, was completed in October 2017. Blackwell's Bookshop is a bookshop which claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe, the Norrington Room (10,000 sq ft).[37]

Brewing

[edit]

There is a long history of brewing in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at Brasenose, survived until 1889. In the 16th century brewing and malting appear to have been the most popular trades in the city. There were breweries in Brewer Street and Paradise Street, near the Castle Mill Stream. The rapid expansion of Oxford and the development of its railway links after the 1840s facilitated expansion of the brewing trade.[38] As well as expanding the market for Oxford's brewers, railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market.[38] By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere.[38] The nine breweries were: Flowers & Co in Cowley Road, Hall's St Giles Brewery, Hall's Swan Brewery (see below), Hanley's City Brewery in Queen Street, Le Mills's Brewery in St. Ebbes, Morrell's Lion Brewery in St Thomas Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in Park End Street and Wootten and Cole's St. Clement's Brewery.[38]

The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in Paradise Street, and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall.[39] The brewery became known as Hall's Oxford Brewery, which acquired other local breweries. Hall's Brewery was acquired by Samuel Allsopp & Sons in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford.[40] Morrell's was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney. He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners.[41] After an acrimonious family dispute the brewery was closed in 1998.[42] The beer brand names were taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery,[43] while the 132 tied pubs were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain Fuddruckers, through a new company, Morrells of Oxford.[44] The new owners sold most of the pubs on to Greene King in 2002.[45] The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002.[46] Oxford's first legal distillery, the Oxford Artisan Distillery, was established in 2017 in historic farm buildings at the top of South Park.[47]

Bellfounding

[edit]

The Taylor family of Loughborough had a bell-foundry in Oxford between 1786 and 1854.[48]

The spires of Oxford facing Christ Church to the south (Christ Church Cathedral on the left and Tom Tower on the right)

Buildings

[edit]
See also: Category: Buildings and structures in Oxford
Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
Oxford Botanic Garden

This is a small selection of the many notable buildings in Oxford.

Parks and nature walks

[edit]
See also: Category: Parks and open spaces in Oxford

Oxford is a very green city, with several parks and nature walks within the ring road, as well as several sites just outside the ring road. In total, 28 nature reserves exist within or just outside the ring road, including:

Demography

[edit]
Population pyramid of Oxford in 2021
UK and foreign born population pyramid of Oxford in 2021

Ethnicity

[edit]
Ethnic Group 1981 estimates[49] 1991[50] 2001[51] 2011[52] 2021[53]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 83,762 93% 99,935 90.8% 116,948 87.1% 117,957 77.7% 120,509 70.7%
White: British – – – – 103,041 76.8% 96,633 63.6% 86,672 53.5%
White: Irish – – – – 2,898 2,431 2,351
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – – – – – 92 62
White: Roma – – – – – – – – 501
White: Other – – – – 11,009 8.2% 18,801 12.4% 24,975 15.4%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – 5,808 5.3% 8,931 6.7% 18,827 12.4% 24,991 15.4%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – 1,560 1.4% 2,323 1.7% 4,449 2.9% 6,005 3.7%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – 2042 1.9% 2,625 2.0% 4,825 3.2% 6,619 4.1%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – 510 0.5% 878 0.7% 1,791 1.2% 2,025 1.3%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese – – 859 0.8% 2,460 1.8% 3,559 2.3% 4,479 2.8%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – 837 0.8% 645 0.5% 4,203 2.8% 5,863 3.6%
Black or Black British: Total – – 3,055 2.8% 3,368 2.5% 7,028 4.6% 7,535 4.7%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – 1745 1,664 1,874 1,629
Black or Black British: African – – 593 1,408 4,456 5,060
Black or Black British: Other Black – – 717 296 698 846
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – – – 3,239 2.4% 6,035 4% 9,005 5.6%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – 1,030 1,721 1,916
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – 380 703 1,072
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – 974 2,008 3,197
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – 855 1,603 2,820
Other: Total – – 1,305 1.2% 1,762 1.3% 2,059 1.4% 5,948 3.7%
Other: Arab – – – – – – 922 0.6% 1,449 0.9%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – 1,305 1.2% 1,762 1.3% 1,137 0.7% 4,499 2.8%
Ethnic minority: Total 6,265 7% 10,168 9.2% 17,300 12.9% 33,949 22.3% 47,479 29.3%
Total 90,027 100% 110,103 100% 134,248 100% 151,906 100% 162,040 100%

Religion

[edit]
Religion 2001[54] 2011[55] 2021[56]
Number % Number % Number %
No religion 32,075 23.9 50,274 33.1 63,201 39.0
Christian 81,100 60.4 72,924 48.0 61,750 38.1
Religion not stated 11,725 8.7 12,611 8.3 16,110 9.9
Muslim 5,165 3.8 10,320 6.8 14,093 8.7
Hindu 1,041 0.8 2,044 1.3 2,523 1.6
Other religion 656 0.5 796 0.5 1,447 0.9
Buddhism 1,080 0.8 1,431 0.9 1,195 0.7
Jewish 1,091 0.8 1,072 0.7 1,120 0.7
Sikh 315 0.2 434 0.3 599 0.4
Total 134,248 100.0% 151,906 100.0% 162,040 100.0%

Transport

[edit]

Air

[edit]

In addition to the larger airports in the region, Oxford is served by nearby Oxford Airport, in Kidlington. The airport is also home to CAE Oxford Aviation Academy and Airways Aviation[57] airline pilot flight training centres, and several private jet companies. The airport is also home to Airbus Helicopters UK headquarters.[58]

[edit]

Direct trains run from Oxford station to London Paddington where there is an interchange with the Heathrow Express train links serving Heathrow Airport. Passengers can change at Reading for connecting trains to Gatwick Airport. Some CrossCountry trains run direct services to Birmingham International, as well as to Southampton Airport Parkway further afield.

Buses

[edit]
Oxford Bus Company hybrid bus on a park & ride service
Oxford Bus Company flywheel energy storage bus on a BrookesBus service

Bus services in Oxford and its suburbs are run by the Oxford Bus Company and Stagecoach West as well as other operators including Arriva Shires & Essex and Thames Travel. Oxford has one of the largest urban park and ride networks in the United Kingdom. Its five sites, at Pear Tree, Redbridge, Seacourt, Thornhill, Water Eaton and Oxford Parkway have a combined capacity of 4,930 car parking spaces,[59] served by 20 Oxford Bus Company double decker buses with a combined capacity of 1,695 seats.[60] Hybrid buses began to be used in Oxford in 2010, and their usage has been expanded.[61] In 2014 Oxford Bus introduced a fleet of 20 new buses with flywheel energy storage on the services it operates under contract for Oxford Brookes University.[62] Most buses in the city now use a smartcard to pay for journeys[63] and have free WiFi installed.[64][65][66]

Coach

[edit]

The Oxford to London coach route offers a frequent coach service to London. The Oxford Tube is operated by Stagecoach West and the Oxford Bus Company runs the Airline services to Heathrow and Gatwick airports. There is a bus station at Gloucester Green, used mainly by the London and airport buses, National Express coaches and other long-distance buses including route X5 to Milton Keynes and Bedford and Stagecoach Gold route S6.

Cycling

[edit]

Among cities in England and Wales, Oxford has the second highest percentage of people cycling to work.[67]

Rail

[edit]
Oxford railway station, in the city centre
Oxford Parkway Station, on the outskirts near Kidlington

Oxford railway station is half a mile (about 1 km) west of the city centre. The station is served by CrossCountry services to Bournemouth and Manchester Piccadilly; Great Western Railway (who manage the station) services to London Paddington, Banbury and Hereford; and Chiltern Railways services to London Marylebone. Oxford has had three main railway stations. The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844,[68] but this was a terminus, inconvenient for routes to the north;[69] it was replaced by the present station on Park End Street in 1852 with the opening of the Birmingham route.[70] Another terminus, at Rewley Road, was opened in 1851 to serve the Bletchley route;[71] this station closed in 1951.[72] There have also been a number of local railway stations, all of which are now closed. A fourth station, Oxford Parkway, is just outside the city, at the park and ride site near Kidlington. The present railway station opened in 1852.

Oxford is the junction for a short branch line to Bicester, a remnant of the former Varsity line to Cambridge. This Oxford–Bicester line was upgraded to 100 mph (161 km/h) running during an 18-month closure in 2014/2015 – and is scheduled to be extended to form the planned East West Rail line to Milton Keynes.[73] East West Rail is proposed to continue through Bletchley (for Milton Keynes Central) to Bedford,[74] Cambridge,[75] and ultimately Ipswich and Norwich,[76] thus providing alternative route to East Anglia without needing to travel via, and connect between, the London mainline terminals.

Chiltern Railways operates from Oxford to London Marylebone via Bicester Village, having sponsored the building of about 400 metres of new track between Bicester Village and the Chiltern Main Line southwards in 2014. The route serves High Wycombe and London Marylebone, avoiding London Paddington and Didcot Parkway.

In 1844, the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London Paddington via Didcot and Reading;[77][78] in 1851, the London & North Western Railway opened its own route from Oxford to London Euston, via Bicester, Bletchley and Watford;[79] and in 1864 a third route, also to Paddington, running via Thame, High Wycombe and Maidenhead, was provided;[80] this was shortened in 1906 by the opening of a direct route between High Wycombe and London Paddington by way of Denham.[81] The distance from Oxford to London was 78 miles (125.5 km) via Bletchley; 63.5 miles (102.2 km) via Didcot and Reading; 63.25 miles (101.8 km) via Thame and Maidenhead;[82] and 55.75 miles (89.7 km) via Denham.[81]

Only the original (Didcot) route is still in use for its full length, portions of the others remain. There were also routes to the north and west. The line to Banbury was opened in 1850,[69] and was extended to Birmingham Snow Hill in 1852;[70] a route to Worcester opened in 1853.[83] A branch to Witney was opened in 1862,[84] which was extended to Fairford in 1873.[85] The line to Witney and Fairford closed in 1962, but the others remain open.

River and canal

[edit]

Oxford was historically an important port on the River Thames, with this section of the river being called the Isis; the Oxford-Burcot Commission in the 17th century attempted to improve navigation to Oxford.[86] Iffley Lock and Osney Lock lie within the bounds of the city. In the 18th century the Oxford Canal was built to connect Oxford with the Midlands.[87] Commercial traffic has given way to recreational use of the river and canal. Oxford was the original base of Salters Steamers (founded in 1858), which was a leading racing-boatbuilder that played an important role in popularising pleasure boating on the Upper Thames. The firm runs a regular service from Folly Bridge downstream to Abingdon and beyond.

Roads

[edit]
The M40 extension

Oxford's central location on several transport routes means that it has long been a crossroads city with many coaching inns, although road traffic is now strongly discouraged, and largely prevented, from using the city centre. The Oxford Ring Road or A4142 (southern part) surrounds the city centre and close suburbs Marston, Iffley, Cowley and Headington; it consists of the A34 to the west, a 330-yard section of the A44, the A40 north and north-east, A4142/A423 to the east. It is a dual carriageway, except for a 330-yard section of the A40 where two residential service roads adjoin, and was completed in 1966.

A roads

[edit]

The main roads to/from Oxford are:

Zero-emission zone

[edit]
Main article: zero-emission zone in Oxford

On 28 February 2022 a zero-emission pilot area became operational in Oxford city centre. Zero-emission vehicles can be used without incurring a charge but all petrol and diesel vehicles (including hybrids) incur a daily charge if they are driven in the zone between 7am and 7pm.[88]

A consultation on the introduction of a wider zero-emission zone is expected in the future, at a date to be confirmed.

Bus gates

[edit]

Oxford has eight bus gates, short sections of road where only buses and other authorised vehicles can pass.[89]

Six further bus gates are currently proposed. A council-led consultation on the traffic filters ended on 13 October 2022. On 29 November 2022, Oxfordshire County Council cabinet approved the introduction on a trial basis, for a minimum period of six months.[90] The trial will begin after improvement works to Oxford railway station are complete, which is expected to be by October 2024.[91] The additional bus gates have been controversial; Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company support the proposals but more than 3,700 people have signed an online petition opposing the new traffic filters for Marston Ferry Road and Hollow Way, and hotelier Jeremy Mogford has argued they would be a mistake.[92][93] In November 2022, Mogford announced that his hospitality group The Oxford Collection had joined up with Oxford Business Action Group (OBAG), Oxford High Street Association (OHSA), ROX (Backing Oxford Business), Reconnecting Oxford, Jericho Traders, and Summertown traders to launch a legal challenge to the new bus gates.[94]

Motorway

[edit]

The city is served by the M40 motorway, which connects London to Birmingham. The M40 approached Oxford in 1974, leading from London to Waterstock, where the A40 continued to Oxford. When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991, it curved sharply north, and a mile of the old motorway became a spur. The M40 comes no closer than 6 miles (10 km) away from the city centre, curving to pass to the east of Otmoor. The M40 meets the A34 to the north of Oxford.

Education

[edit]

Schools

[edit]
Main article: List of schools in Oxfordshire

Universities and colleges

[edit]
Sheldonian Theatre in 2009

There are two universities in Oxford, the University of Oxford and Oxford Brookes University, as well as the specialist further and higher education institution Ruskin College that is part of the University of West London in Oxford. The Islamic Azad University also has a campus near Oxford. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world,[95] and one of the most prestigious higher education institutions of the world, averaging nine applications to every available place, and attracting 40% of its academic staff and 17% of undergraduates from overseas.[96] In September 2016, it was ranked as the world's number one university, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[97] Oxford is renowned for its tutorial-based method of teaching.

The Bodleian Library

[edit]
See also: Category: Libraries of the University of Oxford

The University of Oxford maintains the largest university library system in the United Kingdom,[98] and, with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the United Kingdom, after the British Library. The Bodleian Library is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.[99]

Media

[edit]

As well as the BBC national radio stations, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including BBC Radio Oxford, Heart South, Destiny 105, Greatest Hits Radio and Hits Radio Oxfordshire, along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio[100] (which went on terrestrial radio at 87.7 MHz FM in late May 2005). A local TV station, Six TV: The Oxford Channel, was also available[101] but closed in April 2009; a service operated by That's TV, originally called That's Oxford (now That's Oxfordshire), took to the airwaves in 2015.[102] The city is home to a BBC Television newsroom which produces an opt-out from the main South Today programme broadcast from Southampton.

Local papers include The Oxford Times (compact; weekly), its sister papers the Oxford Mail (tabloid; daily) and the Oxford Star (tabloid; free and delivered), and Oxford Journal (tabloid; weekly free pick-up). Oxford is also home to several advertising agencies. Daily Information (known locally as "Daily Info") is an event information and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964 and now provides a connected website. Nightshift is a monthly local free magazine that has covered the Oxford music scene since 1991.[103]

Culture

[edit]

Museums and galleries

[edit]
See also: Category:Museums of the University of Oxford

Oxford is home to many museums, galleries, and collections, most of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions. The majority are departments of the University of Oxford. The first of these to be established was the Ashmolean Museum, the world's first university museum,[104] and the oldest museum in the UK.[105] Its first building was erected in 1678–1683 to house a cabinet of curiosities given to the University of Oxford in 1677. The museum reopened in 2009 after a major redevelopment. It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains "The Messiah", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.[106]

The University Museum of Natural History holds the university's zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on Parks Road, in the university's Science Area.[107] Among its collection are the skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops, and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by Marcus du Sautoy. Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the university's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.[108]

The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad Street in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.[109] It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the history of science. In the university's Faculty of Music on St Aldate's is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a collection of over 200 old master paintings. The university also has an archive at the Oxford University Press Museum.[110] Other museums and galleries in Oxford include Modern Art Oxford, the Museum of Oxford, the Oxford Castle, Science Oxford and The Story Museum.[111]

Art

[edit]

Art galleries in Oxford include the Ashmolean Museum, the Christ Church Picture Gallery, and Modern Art Oxford. William Turner (aka "Turner of Oxford", 1789–1862), was a watercolourist who painted landscapes in the Oxford area. The Oxford Art Society was established in 1891. The later watercolourist and draughtsman Ken Messer (1931–2018) has been dubbed "The Oxford Artist" by some, with his architectural paintings around the city.[112] In 2018, The Oxford Art Book featured many contemporary local artists and their depictions of Oxford scenes.[113] The annual Oxfordshire Artweeks is well-represented by artists in Oxford itself.[114]

Music

[edit]

Holywell Music Room is said to be the oldest purpose-built music room in Europe, and hence Britain's first concert hall.[115] Tradition has it that George Frideric Handel performed there, though there is little evidence.[116] Joseph Haydn was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University in 1791, an event commemorated by three concerts of his music at the Sheldonian Theatre, directed by the composer and from which his Symphony No. 92 earned the nickname of the "Oxford" Symphony.[117] Victorian composer Sir John Stainer was organist at Magdalen College and later Professor of Music at the university, and is buried in Holywell Cemetery.[118]

Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, have produced many successful bands and musicians in the field of popular music. The most notable Oxford act is Radiohead, who all met at nearby Abingdon School, though other well known local bands include Supergrass, Ride, Mr Big, Swervedriver, Lab 4, Talulah Gosh, the Candyskins, Medal, the Egg, Unbelievable Truth, Hurricane No. 1, Crackout, Goldrush and more recently, Young Knives, Foals, Glass Animals, Dive Dive and Stornoway. These and many other bands from over 30 years of the Oxford music scene's history feature in the documentary film Anyone Can Play Guitar?. In 1997, Oxford played host to Radio 1's Sound City, with acts such as Travis, Bentley Rhythm Ace, Embrace, Spiritualized and DJ Shadow playing in various venues around the city including Oxford Brookes University.[119] It is also home to several brass bands, notably the City of Oxford Silver Band, founded in 1887.

Theatres and cinemas

[edit]
Theatre company

Literature and film

[edit]

{{{annotations}}}

"Dreaming spires" of Oxford University viewed from South Park in the snow
Main articles: Literature in Oxford, List of films shot in Oxford, and List of fictional Oxford colleges

Well-known Oxford-based authors include:

Oxford appears in the following works:[citation needed]

Sport

[edit]

Football

[edit]
Kassam Stadium
The Manor Ground, off London Road in Headington

The city's leading football club, Oxford United, compete in the EFL Championship, the second level of the English football league system, following promotion in the 2023–24 season. They play at the Kassam Stadium (named after former chairman Firoz Kassam), which is near the Blackbird Leys housing estate and has been their home since relocation from the Manor Ground in 2001.

Oxford City F.C. is a semi-professional football club, separate from Oxford United, they play in the National League North, the sixth tier, two levels below the Football League in the pyramid.

Oxford City Nomads F.C. was a semi-professional football club that ground-shared with Oxford City and played in the Hellenic league.

Rowing

[edit]

Oxford University Boat Club compete in the world-famous Boat Race. Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in Wallingford,[127] south of Oxford, after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999. Oxford Brookes University also has an elite rowing club,[128] and there are public clubs near Donnington Bridge, namely the City of Oxford Rowing Club,[129] Falcon Boat Club[130] and Oxford Academicals Rowing Club.[131]

Cricket

[edit]

Oxford University Cricket Club is Oxford's most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining international honours, including Colin Cowdrey, Douglas Jardine and Imran Khan.[132] Oxfordshire County Cricket Club play in the Minor Counties League.

Athletics

[edit]

Headington Road Runners are based at the OXSRAD sports facility in Marsh Lane (next to Oxford City F.C.) is Oxford's only road running club with an average annual membership exceeding 300. It was the club at which double Olympian Mara Yamauchi started her running career.

Rugby league

[edit]

In 2013, Oxford Rugby League entered rugby league's semi-professional Championship 1, the third tier of British rugby league. Oxford Cavaliers, who were formed in 1996, compete at the next level, the Conference League South. Oxford University (The Blues)[133] and Oxford Brookes University (The Bulls)[134] both compete in the rugby league BUCS university League.

Rugby union

[edit]

Oxford Harlequins RFC is the city's main Rugby Union team and currently plays in the South West Division. Oxford R.F.C is the oldest city team and currently plays in the Berks, Bucks and Oxon Championship. Their most famous player was arguably Michael James Parsons known as Jim Parsons who was capped by England.[135] Oxford University RFC are the most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining International honours; including Phil de Glanville, Joe Roff, Tyrone Howe, Anton Oliver, Simon Halliday, David Kirk and Rob Egerton.[136] London Welsh RFC moved to the Kassam Stadium in 2012 to fulfil their Premiership entry criteria regarding stadium capacity. At the end of the 2015 season, following relegation, the club left Oxford.[137]

Hockey

[edit]

There are several field hockey clubs based in Oxford. The Oxford Hockey Club (formed after a merger of City of Oxford HC and Rover Oxford HC in 2011) plays most of its home games on the pitch at Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus and also uses the pitches at Headington Girls' School and Iffley Road. Oxford Hawks has two astroturf pitches at Banbury Road North, by Cutteslowe Park to the north of the city.

Ice hockey

[edit]

Oxford City Stars is the local Ice Hockey Team which plays at Oxford Ice Rink. There is a senior/adults' team[138] and a junior/children's team.[139] The Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed as an official University sports club in 1921, and traces its history back to a match played against Cambridge in St Moritz, Switzerland in 1885.[140] The club currently competes in Checking Division 1 of the British Universities Ice Hockey Association.[141]

Speedway and greyhound racing

[edit]
Speedway racing at Cowley in 1980

Oxford Cheetahs motorcycle speedway team has raced at Oxford Stadium in Cowley on and off since 1939. The Cheetahs competed in the Elite League and then the Conference League until 2007. They were Britain's most successful club in the late 1980s, becoming British League champions in 1985, 1986 and 1989. Four-times world champion Hans Nielsen was the club's most successful rider. Greyhound racing took place at the Oxford Stadium from 1939 until 2012 and hosted some of the sport's leading events such as the Pall Mall Stakes, The Cesarewitch and Trafalgar Cup. The stadium remains intact but unused after closing in 2012.

American football

[edit]

Oxford Saints is Oxford's senior American Football team. One of the longest-running American football clubs in the UK, the Saints were founded in 1983 and have competed for over 40 years against other British teams across the country.

Gaelic football

[edit]

Éire Óg Oxford is Oxford's local Gaelic Football team. Originally founded as a hurling club by Irish immigrants in 1959,[142] the club plays within the Hertfordshire league and championship,[143] being the only Gaelic Football club within Oxfordshire. Hurling is no longer played by the club; however, Éire Óg do contribute players to the Hertfordshire-wide amalgamated club, St Declans. Several well-known Irishmen have played for Éire Óg, including Darragh Ennis of ITV's The Chase, and Stephen Molumphy, former member of the Waterford county hurling team.[citation needed]

Religion

[edit]
Christ Church Cathedral
Choir and organ of Christ Church Cathedral

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in England

Oxford is twinned with:[144]

Freedom of the City

[edit]

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Oxford.

Individuals

[edit]

[153]

Military units

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "Councillors". Oxford City Council. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
  2. ^ "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  4. ^ a b UK Census (2021). "2021 Census Area Profile – Oxford Local Authority (E07000178)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  5. ^ Upton, Clive; et al., eds. (2001). The Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 734. ISBN 978-0-19-863156-9.
  6. ^ Dictionary.com, "oxford" in Dictionary.com Unabridged. Source location: Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/oxford Archived 23 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Available: http://dictionary.reference.com Archived 20 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed: 4 July 2012.
  7. ^ Sager 2005, p. 36.
  8. ^ "A brief history of the University". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  9. ^ Crouch, D. (2013). The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154 (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-31789-297-7.
  10. ^ Abrams, Rebecca (2022). Licoricia of Winchester: Power and Prejudice in Medieval England (1st ed.). Winchester: The Licoricia of Winchester Appeal. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-1-3999-1638-7.
  11. ^ Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W. N. (1973). Oxford in the Age of John Locke. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8061-1038-7.
  12. ^ Curl, James Stevens (1977). The Erosion of Oxford. Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd. ISBN 0-902280-40-6.
  13. ^ "Daily Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  14. ^ "Radcliffe Meteorological Station". Archived from the original on 1 June 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  15. ^ "Monthly, Annual and Seasonal Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  16. ^ "Oxford (Oxfordshire) UK climate averages". Met Office. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  17. ^ "Daily Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  18. ^ "About Boswells". Boswells-online.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  19. ^ Ffrench, Andrew (29 February 2020). "Everything must go now at Boswells in closing down sale". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  20. ^ "The Oxford Green Belt: Key Facts". CPRE Oxfordshire. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  21. ^ Ffrench, Andy (4 March 2017). "Estate agents call for building on Green Belt to ease house price crisis". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  22. ^ Elledge, Jonn (22 September 2017). "Loosen Britain's green belt. It is stunting our young people". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  23. ^ White, Anna (26 February 2015). "Welcome to Britain's most unaffordable spot – it's not London". Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019 – via The Telegraph.
  24. ^ "Oxford Green Belt Study Final Report Prepared by LUC" (PDF). Oxfordshire County Council. October 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  25. ^ "Local Government Act 1972", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1972 c. 70, retrieved 25 April 2023
  26. ^ Historic England. "Town Hall, Municipal Buildings and Library (Grade II*) (1047153)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  27. ^ "Parish council contact details". Oxford City Council. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  28. ^ "Elsevier". The Publishers Association. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  29. ^ "Home – Digital Oxford". Digital Oxford. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  30. ^ "Passle – become a thought leader". Passle: Don't have time to blog?. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  31. ^ "Brainomix". Brainomix. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  32. ^ "Labstep". angel.co. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  33. ^ "Learn English in Oxford". Oxford Royale. oxford-royale.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  34. ^ Hearn, Dan (19 August 2009). "Oxford tourism suffers triple whammy". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  35. ^ "Clarendon Shopping Centre". Clarendoncentre.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  36. ^ "Visit Oxford's premier shopping centre – the Westgate Shopping Centre". Oxfordcity.co.uk. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  37. ^ "Blackwell's Books, Oxford". britainexpress.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  38. ^ a b c d Woolley, Liz (2010). "Industrial Architecture in Oxford, 1870 to 1914". Oxoniensia. LXXV. Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society: 78. ISSN 0308-5562.
  39. ^ Page, William, ed. (1907). A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 2: Industries: Malting and Brewing. Victoria County History. Archibald Constable & Co. pp. 225–277. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  40. ^ Richmond, Lesley; Turton, Alison (1990). The Brewing industry: a guide to historical records. Manchester University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-7190-3032-1. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  41. ^ "History of Headington, Oxford". Headington.org.uk. 19 April 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
  42. ^ "Morrells Brewery up for sale". Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
  43. ^ www.quaffale.org.uk (22 September 2001). "Morrells Brewery Ltd". Quaffale.org.uk. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
  44. ^ "Jericho Echo". Pstalker.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
  45. ^ "Brewer buys pub chain for £67m". BBC News. 18 June 2002. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
  46. ^ "Brewery site plan nears final hurdle". Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk. 19 February 2001. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
  47. ^ Evans, Marc (27 July 2017). "Grab a glass: The Oxford Artisan Distillery opens in South Park today". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  48. ^ "Bell Founders". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  49. ^ Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). "Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement". Commission for Racial Equality: Table 2.2. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  50. ^ Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services Archived 15 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales Archived 5 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Table 6)
  51. ^ "Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  52. ^ "2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  53. ^ "Ethnic group, census2021 (TS021)". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  54. ^ "KS007 - Religion". Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  55. ^ "2011 census – theme tables". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  56. ^ "Religion - Office for National Statistics". Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  57. ^ Hikins, Richard (4 March 2016). "New Global Headquarters for Airways Aviation". oxfordairport.co.uk. Oxford Airport. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  58. ^ "Airbus Helicopters celebrates 40 years as the all-in-one solution for UK helicopter industry". Helicopters. Airbus. 15 July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  59. ^ "Park and ride car parks". Roads and transport. Oxfordshire County Council. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  60. ^ "Oxford Bus Company Fleet List" (PDF). Oxford Bus Company. August 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  61. ^ Little, Reg (15 July 2010). "Transport revolution". The Oxford Times. Oxford: Newsquest (Oxfordshire) Ltd. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  62. ^ Holley, Mel (10 September 2014). "Gyrodrive debuts in Oxford". RouteOne. Diversified Communications. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  63. ^ "Smart ticketing". Sustainability. Go-Ahead Group. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  64. ^ "Free Wi-Fi on city buses and buildings as Oxford gets Super Connected". Newsroom. Oxford City Council. 13 October 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  65. ^ Oxford Bus Company (4 November 2014). "Free Wi-Fi on buses announced as Oxford gets Super Connected!". WordPress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015.
  66. ^ "Oxford bus users to get free wifi". News. ITV. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015.
  67. ^ "2011 Census Analysis – Cycling to Work". ONS. 26 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  68. ^ MacDermot 1927, pp. 180–181.
  69. ^ a b MacDermot 1927, p. 300.
  70. ^ a b MacDermot 1927, p. 327.
  71. ^ Mitchell & Smith 2005, Historical Background.
  72. ^ Mitchell & Smith 2005, fig. 8.
  73. ^ "Welcome to". East West Rail. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  74. ^ "Western Section". East West Rail. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  75. ^ "Central Section". East West Rail. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  76. ^ "Eastern Section". East West Rail. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  77. ^ Simpson 1997, p. 59.
  78. ^ Simpson 2001, p. 9.
  79. ^ Simpson 1997, p. 101.
  80. ^ Simpson 2001, p. 57.
  81. ^ a b MacDermot 1931, p. 432.
  82. ^ Cooke 1960, p. 70.
  83. ^ MacDermot 1927, p. 498.
  84. ^ MacDermot 1927, p. 551.
  85. ^ MacDermot 1931, p. 27.
  86. ^ Thacker, Fred. S. (1968) [1920]. The Thames Highway: Volume II Locks and Weirs. Newton Abbot: David and Charles.
  87. ^ Compton, Hugh J. (1976). The Oxford Canal. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-7238-8.
  88. ^ "About Oxford's Zero Emission Zone". Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  89. ^ "Bus lanes and bus gates". Oxfordshire County Council. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  90. ^ Colivicchi, Anna. "Plans for six traffic filters in Oxford approved by council". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  91. ^ "Consultation on trial traffic filters 2022". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  92. ^ "Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company back traffic filters". BBC News. 4 November 2022. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  93. ^ Ffrench, Andrew (25 October 2022). "Opinion: Why six new bus gates will be a mistake for Oxford says top hotelier". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  94. ^ Ffrench, Andrew (25 November 2022). "Legal challenge to bus gates is 'last resort' says Jeremy Mogford". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  95. ^ "Introduction and history". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  96. ^ "International students". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  97. ^ "World University Rankings 2016–2017". Times Higher Education. September 2016. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  98. ^ "Libraries". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012.
  99. ^ "A University Library for the Twenty-first Century". University of Oxford. 22 September 2005. Archived from the original on 2 September 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  100. ^ "Oxford Student Radio". oxideradio.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  101. ^ "Milestone Group" (PDF). Milestone Group. Retrieved 17 April 2010.[dead link‍]
  102. ^ Ffrench, Andrew (7 April 2015). "New Oxfordshire community TV channel 'just weeks from launch'". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  103. ^ "Preview: Nightshift night Archived 5 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine", "Oxford Mail", 6 July 2000
  104. ^ MacGregor, A. (2001). The Ashmolean Museum: A brief history of the museum and its collections. Ashmolean Museum/Jonathan Horne Publications.
  105. ^ "Support Us". The Ashmolean. Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
  106. ^ "Ashmolean Museum website, What's in the Ashmolean". Oxford University Ashmolean Museum. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  107. ^ "Oxford University Museum of Natural History Homepage". Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
  108. ^ "Pitt Rivers Museum Website, About Augustus Pitt Rivers". University of Oxford Pitt Rivers Museum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  109. ^ "About the Museum". Museum of the History of Science. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
  110. ^ "Visiting museums, libraries & places of interest – University of Oxford website". Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  111. ^ "Museums and Galleries – Experience Oxfordshire website". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  112. ^ "Obituary: Oxford artist Ken Messer". Oxford Mail. UK. 7 June 2018. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  113. ^ Bennett, Emma, ed. (2018). The Oxford Art Book: The City Through the Eyes of its Artists. UIT Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-906-860-84-4.
  114. ^ "Oxford". Artweeks 2020. Oxfordshire Artweeks. 2020. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  115. ^ Tyack, Geoffrey (1998). Oxford: An architectural guide. Oxford University Press. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0-14-071045-8.
  116. ^ "Exploring Wadham's Holywell Music Room". Wadham College. 21 February 2017. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  117. ^ "Haydn in England". Oxford University Department for Continuing Education. 2018. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  118. ^ "Notable people buried in Oxford". Oxford City Council. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  119. ^ "Discography for NME Compilation Cassette for Oxford Sound City". Discogs. 1997. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  120. ^ "Pegasus Theatre". pegasustheatre.org.uk. UK. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013., UK.
  121. ^ a b "Oxford authors Colin Dexter and Brian Aldiss added to biography dictionary". 14 January 2021.
  122. ^ Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Davenant, Sir William" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. 851–852.
  123. ^ Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Wilde, Oscar O'Flahertie Wills" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 632–633.
  124. ^ "Poems". Poetry Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  125. ^ Gray, John (n.d.). "'Only a thickness of wall': Empire and Oxford in Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure (1895)". Oxford and Empire Network. University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  126. ^ Della Sala, Sofia (28 September 2021). "James Bond: Every Oxfordshire filming location in No Time To Die, Spectre and more". Oxfordshire Live. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  127. ^ "Contact Us". Oxford University Boat Club. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  128. ^ "Oxford Brookes University opens elite rowing facilities". BBC News. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  129. ^ "About Us". City of Oxford Rowing Club. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  130. ^ "About Falcon". Falcon Boat Club. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  131. ^ "Find Us". Oxford Academicals Rowing Club. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  132. ^ "International Players". Oxford University Cricket in the Parks. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  133. ^ "Welcome to OURLFC". Oxford University Rugby League. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  134. ^ "Oxford Brookes University Rugby League". Facebook. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  135. ^ "Rugby Union". ESPN. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  136. ^ "International Players". Oxford University Rugby Club. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  137. ^ Knox, Michael (27 June 2015). "RUGBY UNION: London Welsh quit Oxford's Kassam Stadium – but could be back". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  138. ^ "oxfordstars.com". Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  139. ^ "oxfordjuniorstars.co.uk". oxfordstars.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 April 2011.
  140. ^ "OUIHC". oxforduniversityicehockey.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  141. ^ "OUIHC BUIHA". buiha.org.uk. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  142. ^ "Éire Óg Oxford: Sixty Years" (online booklet). Éire Óg Oxford. 2019. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  143. ^ "About Us". Eire Óg Oxford. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  144. ^ "Oxford's International Twin Towns". Oxford City Council. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  145. ^ "City Twinnings". Stadt Bonn. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  146. ^ Jérôme Steffenino, Marguerite Masson. "Ville de Grenoble – Coopérations et villes jumelles". Grenoble.fr. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  147. ^ Bragg, Alexander (21 October 2016). "The Oxford – Manizales connection of "town versus gown"". The City Paper. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  148. ^ Hughes, Tim (4 March 2022). "Oxford City Council ends unpopular Perm twin link in U-turn". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  149. ^ "Оксфорд разорвал отношения с Пермью из-за спецоперации на Украине". Ura.news. 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  150. ^ Council, Oxford City. "Historic moment as Oxford and Ramallah in Palestine become twin cities". www.oxford.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  151. ^ "Oxford, Padua, Ramallah – twin cities recognised". Oxford City Council. 4 November 2019. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  152. ^ "Benny Wenda: West Papua leader receives freedom of Oxford". BBC News. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  153. ^ "Freedom of the City". Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  154. ^ Ffrench, Andrew (21 May 2015). "Regiment to exercise 'Freedom of the City'". Oxford Mail. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2019.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Oxford.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oxford.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford&oldid=1257324283"